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Reprap blog 2014

Printing small details

13-11-2014

I was contacted by a silversmith recently, that was in the process of making a batch of buttons for some seafarers. He gave me this sketch, that the sefarers had given him:

button sketch
The sketch.

In addition, I got instructions to put a rope ring around the button to protect from the pointy arrows.

The special challenge for me in this was the scale. The button was to be produced with two different diameters: 15 and 20 mm. Height: 1 to 3 mm. In other words, the details need to be less than 0.33 mm high, and sometimes ca 0.3 mm wide.

First thing I did was to order a 0.3 mm nozzle from Emakershop. Second was to make a Git repo which can be found here. Wish I had more time to describe the process, but a picture of todays prints have to do for now.

3d-printed buttons
Initial shot at cadding the button. Revised twice today.
3d-printed buttons
A version of the button with thicker middle part and somewhat more pronounced details, since the first print turned out too thin and with too low resolution.
3d-printed buttons
A version of the button with more pronounced details, since the second print turned out to have too blurry details.
3d-printed buttons
First three (finished) tries at printing the 20 mm version of the buttons.
3d-printed buttons
Another pic of the same three buttons.

- tobben




A Cumbersome Beautiful Way of Creating Signs in OpenScad

6-10-2014

I needed a new sign on our mailbox outside our house recently, so I thought I might as well make a two colored plastic sign this time, since the paper ones only seems to last for one year or so. If the plastic sign can be used for more than 10 years, this project might even be a net time saver.

I have made models with letters in them several times, and every time I have ended up doing it differently. This time, I found a little Python script, called font2openscad, that converted True Type Fonts into OpenScad-importable dxf-files. I wanted to use the letters one at a time, so I wrote a little module:

  
module letter(path, trx=0, height = 3){
  translate([trx,0,0])
    linear_extrude(height=height, convexity=10, slices=2) import(path);
}
  

And then imported just the letters I needed one by one, like this:

  
T = 11.83;
o = 13.77;
r = 11.73;
b = 10.09;
j =  6.73;
oe= 14.94;
module tbear(){
  letter("font/T.dxf",0);
  letter("font/o.dxf",T);
  letter("font/r.dxf",T+o);
  letter("font/b.dxf",T+o+r);
  letter("font/j.dxf",T+o+r+b);
  letter("font/oslash.dxf",T+o+r+b+j);
  letter("font/r.dxf",T+o+r+b+j+oe);
  letter("font/n.dxf",T+o+r+b+j+oe+r);
}
  

To find reasonable letter-widths (the T+o+...-part) I used what I found in the font.scad file created by the font2openscad script. Using the letters one by one gave me two advantages

I only exploited the first point only a couple of times as it was too fiddly to be fun. The second point, however was a huge win. Every letter in the ttf-file imported gracefully without OpenScad ever getting the chance to mess up while encoding/decoding them.

I am aware that OpenScad has added support for Unicode and that they are adding native support for extruding text (look here), so the method I'm describing in this blog post is mostly relevant for old OpenScad builds like my own.

The complete script for creating my little mailbox sign can be found here. A render of it looks like this:

mailsign render
The sign on my mailbox, built and rendered in OpenScad, one letter at a time.

Getting a Two Color Print With One Bowden-fed Print Head And Monochrome Filament

To get the sign out in two colors, I wanted to pause the print exactly when the last rectangular layer was done, before starting on the letters. I wanted this pause, so I could change filament manually because I use a rather long Bowden tube. I knew I used 0.2 mm z-lift, 0.3 mm layer height and that the rectangular base was exactly 1.5 mm thick, so to find the critical moment in the gcode was just a matter of searching for G1 Z1.8000. I then inserted directly into the gcode commands to

(Replace ... with values relative to context in gcode.) Throwing in an SD-pause directly into the gcode like this was rather naïve, as Marlin does some buffer magic so that the pause aren't guaranteed to happen at that exact line. In my case, the printer ran two more lines of code before pausing. This was no problem however, since I could rewind the print, that is reset the file pointer manually with M26 (set SD position).

Anyway, here's how the end result looked like:

mailsign 3d-print
The sign on my mailbox, printed and ready.
mailsign 3d-print
Close up showing print quality, or lack thereof.

It's surprising how fun a simple sign can be when I really should be studying ;)

- tobben




Combining STLs and removing internal faces with Meshlab

12-9-2014

I needed to glue together some stls recently, that fit together like the pieces in a puzzle. Like this:

exploded stl
The four .stl files I needed to merge into a single one.

In short, I wanted to snap the right walls together and remove the resulting double internal faces. The screendump is from Netfabb Basic, but it won't let me "merge selected parts" because I don't have a "pro-licence". So I found a tip here here that I used with some modifications.

First, I imported all the meshes into Meshlab and flattened the visible layers. This gives me all the parts in a single mesh. I then gave all faces "quality numbers" based on how visible they were. This made it possible to select the internal faces only and delete them.

The sequence of Meshlab commands was
Filters -> Mesh Layer -> Flatten Visible Layers
Filters -> Color Creation and Processing -> Ambient Occlusion - Per Face
Filters -> Selection -> Select Faces by Face Quality.

With min=0 and max=0.05 I got this selection:

Meshlab selection
The selection I got in Meshlab when searching for the least visible faces.

If you look closely, you see that some internal faces in my buildings are also selected. Those are also unwanted, so getting them selected is like an extra bonus =)

Meshlab delete faces
Button in Meshlab to delete selected faces.

That did the trick for me. Hope it does for you to ;)

- tobben




Explanation of basic RepRap mechanics (Swedish)

12-8-2014

I crawled the web after an image of me and a 3d-printer today, to use in an article about the Martineåsen Project in the local newspaper. Surprisingly I stubled upon an old video of myself, from another newspaper. You need a paid membership to see it, so i put it here.

- tobben




The Martineåsen Project

8-8-2014

The start of it

I received a call recently, from the Geo-data department of the municipality. They were developing some new housing in Martineåsen, and wondered if I could print it for them, scale 1:2000. It turned out my dad had tipped them about my RepRapping. I printed them a test piece and dad talked me into promising them fifteen pieces of landscape prints, each of them maximizing the print area of Gomle (19 x 19 cm). I thought the project was total madness right from the beginning. This would be an order of magnitude bigger than my most complicated print thus far, and it was to be done with the most unstable printer I've ever built, having access to two old laptops as my only computing power.

Creating a 3D model from contour lines

I didn't have access to any licenced 3D software what so ever, so I tried various free alternatives and started to have some limited success with Google SketchUp. I won't go into details here, but it turned out that creating the surface was really trivial (although computationally intensive). Looking around in the menus I found Draw->Sandbox->From Contours which transformed my contour data into a surface. Perfect.

DXF surfaced render
Surface created from the dxf file I got from the customer.

However, to create an stl, you need a watertight model, not just one surface, so I needed to build walls and floor myself. Easy peasy was my first thought. It took me five working days (well, most of the time I were just waiting for my dads poor laptop to finish processing/rendering). I won't go into detail here, but the solution involved Simplify contours plugin, Projections plugin, Selection toys and Intersecting surfaces. My recommendation is: don't ever try to process large map data files with SketchUp and an old laptop. It doesn't work well.

Intersecting faces in SketchUp
Making walls and floor for my stl model of Martineåsen.

Everything crashes

I managed to get out two pieces, looking roughly the same as the demo print.

demo print
The demo print that convinced the Geo-data department I could print Martineåsen.

Then lightning struck and destroyed my FTDI-chip! Luckily, I had a new Melzi circuit board lying around. I carefully moved all wires from the old Melzi to the new Melzi, uploaded firmware to the new board and everything seemed jolly good again. Then I suddenly lost contact. I unplugged and replugged the USB, and guess what? My laptop processor was suddenly toast! My new circuit board transformed my beloved laptop into a sad piece of molten plastic! Some of the following debugging is described here. The mistake was my own. I had not attached the minus side of the 12 V power chord tight enough.

Everything just works

When the hiccups of my new board was ironed out, the following 13 pieces printed more or less smoothly. Each peace took ca 12 hours to print, so my dad took the time to learn how to make time-lapse videos while waiting. This is the next last piece printing:

We also made a time-lapse of the mounting process:

sign
The improvised logo we put on top of the lake (Farris) in the model. Thanks to text2surface by polymaker for help with the text.
model
A view of the model from above.
model
A view of the model with the improvised logo in front.
Meeting customer
Delivering the model to the customer.

- tobben




A Hanging RepRap

15-5-2014
A hanging hotend
Sketch showing the basic layout of the hanging RepRap.

I've dreamt of a RepRap that uses ceiling and walls its frame for some time now. It would use lines and spools instead of smooth rods, belts and linear bearings. This blog sort some of my thoughts around it.

The idea

The printer I dream of would be all in one hanging unit, interfacing with the outside world only through filament (direct extrusion), hot end, power chord and four lines. Microcontroller, stepper motors and extruder would all sit on the hanging unit, so the room in which it operates wouldn't need to add any other details than four anchor points.

Benefits

Difficulties

The unusual geometry isn't actually that tricky to compensate for. We have four lines, so every point in the print volume will have a corresponding tuple of four line lengths. Converting from Cartesian xyz-coordinates to these tuples of four line lengths is just a matter of using Pythagoras' theorem.

Geometry
Calculating the distance from anchor point 1 to the point (x',y') with Pythagoras' theorem.

The issue of avoiding rotations is the one I fear the most. Maybe it is necessary to hang the printer in 3 lines from the ceiling, and use 2 parallel lines to each of the remaining anchor points, to make the printing unit stable enough. That configuration is the one used by brandonheller's SkyDelta. The SkyDelta is by the way proof that a hot end can be given stable movement, only by using lines.

Making anchor points is maybe the biggest no-selling argument for this type of printer that I can see. While anchor points saves the desktop space, and makes it possible for people in small apartments to have a dangling printer, I suspect that many don't want to/can't screw that many holes in walls and ceiling.

2d non-hanging printer
The first prototype of the hangprinter. Meant to only be able to print in 2d. This is to be able to test if the geometry/firmware problem is as small as I suspect while not having to worry about rotations.

Please check out the development thread for comments on this :)

- tobben




Second Attempt at Printing the Grue

22-4-2014

Made a second attempt at printing the Grue figure from the (really cool) Teslagrad game. My last attempt was documented here.

This time around, I decided to go for splitting the figure in several planes parallel to the xy-plane and the yz-plane, and keep the auto-generated support material setting in Slic3r.

To do the splitting, I used Netfabb Basic's really nice splitting interface. I prefer simple, light and open software, so I tried splitting with OpenSCAD and Slic3r first, but the file were simply too messy and I didn't manage to repair it. I have to say Netfabb is pretty good at handling stls with intersections, holes, flipped normals and that kind of stuff. Anyways, here's how the model was split:

A proud Grue
The different pieces of the print in different colors.

The print took ca 10 hours, glueing it together took ca 30 minutes and removing support material never actually finished. Unfortunately, much of the support material was impossible to remove, and some of the removed material took with it pieces of the actual figure.

A proud Grue
The finished Grue, most of the support structures removed and pieces glued together.

There are two aesthetic issues with it that really bothers me. First, the clued contact surfaces did not fit each other perfectly. The clearly visible lines you see in the picture was as good as it could get. I suspect this mismatch to be due to a slack in the y-belt. The printer I used was the Mendel I built for my Mum and Dad last summer, and it hasn't really received the love it deserves. The second issue is all the dots of support structure that has tainted the figure like warts. PLA support structures for PLA figures really sucks. I hope this is the last time I try that.

A gruesom Grue
The Grue lives in the Dark. It eats small children. It can smell them through any wall. It eats them in a single bite. The child is dead within a fraction of a second. Fortunately the kid has infinitely many lives. Hope you remembered to save game.

I will probably try to print this again, since I can't stop bothering about those little issues...

- tobben




What Print Issue Solution Filter Is and What It Does

19-4-2014

Hi there, Internet! The past week, I've gotten some feedback that people (even really technically talented ones) don't understand what the web app is and what it does, so I thought I might try to give an explanation.

I'm considering renaming it to something like Mini Article Structuring and Searching App or something, because there's nothing in the Lisp code that's specific to RepRap. The users decide what kind of knowledge is structured with it, but anyway let's use RepRap knowledge as our driving example.

Defining the Mini Article

The first thing PISF does to structure knowledge, is defining a short but strict template, called a Mini Article, that has seven things:

A short mini article
A short but complete mini article.

By reading a lot of RepRap blogs, I have observed that many of us perform small pieces of pretty well structured research. Often the aim of our little experiments is optimizing a small detail of our 3d printing setup. My thought was that the Mini Article template could serve a similar role as report templates does in the academical world.

Sorting Mini Articles

PISF stores these Mini Articles as seven nodes in a graph database. The layout looks like:

A mini article in a graph database
The layout of the Mini Article in the graph database. The purple node carries the Mini Article itself, the yellow nodes represent paragraphs and the blue ones represent pictures/figures.

The paragraph nodes and the picture nodes may have relations that point into another set of nodes, called the "Category Bush". It looks like:

A category bush in a graph database
The layout of the category bush, that works like a tag hierarchy. It's not a tree because it may contain loops. The only thing not allowed is IS-relations going both ways between two nodes.

Searching Mini Articles

Arriving on the PISF homepage, the user is presented with a set of checkboxes. The names of these are loaded directly out of the Category Bush by starting in the Reprap node (the green one in the figure above) and traversing one step outwards via IS-relations. When the user checks a box and presses filter, checkbox-structure is rebuilt, with the node corresponding to the checked boxes treated like the Reprap node was before, in its own hierarchy of sub-checkboxes. It looks like this:

Checkbox structure
The hierarchical checkbox structure is drawn based on user input and the category bush. This user is interested in Mini Articles about the model Huxley.

Back in the graph database, PISF will find the paths of the following pattern:

Searching for Hux in PISF
Any Mini articles with the following pattern of relations will be found by PISF when searching for Model-related or Huxley-related articles. If the Huxley node had any subcategory nodes, the Mini Articles with relations to them would also be counted as relevant, so a Mini Article with relations more specific categories will more often be found relevant by PISF.

The user that just pressed filter will be presented with an updated list of Mini Articles. They are first sorted by relevance and then by number of votes. Relevance is found by counting the number of paths from the chosen categories to the respective Mini Article. That count is including the paths that go via sub-categories, but excluding the paths containing a loop in the category bush. It looks like this:

List of Mini Article matches
List of found Mini Articles about Hardware found by PISF and presented to user.

That's it for today. I'll come back to this pisf-thing when I've tried to actually use it ;)

- tobben




We're online! Sort of...

14-4-2014

I just got my little web app, PISF, up and running on a server. Go check it out here! As you will see, it only has three articles as for now. Making it available to everyone was the last point on my prove-the-concept list. From here on I will seek input, inspiration, ideas from you guys. If people like it, maybe we can develop it further together.

Web programming with common lisp has mostly been pure amusement. The few daunting moments I've had has mostly been caused by bugs in Slimv (once it actually refused to compile my code because of a parenthesis inside a comment! I feel like a bad person for not bug reporting that properly. Sorry), and other external programs.

If you enjoy reading lisp source-code, here are a list of my favourite parts (see the github repo for the code):

Obviously there are plenty of flaws in the code too, but I don't want to start listing those in this blog post. Those are the worries of tomorrow.

Getting Hunchentoot to actually serve outside my local network was a lot more tedious than I'd expected. In the end, I found a wonderful tutorial that led me to webfaction's hosting service. My experience with them so far has been as awesome as they promise in their ads. Through ssh'ing my hired server, I've been able to

In addition, opening a port for Hunchentoot to serve through was a breeze using the webfaction web interface, after a quick look at the documentation.

- tobben




Presenting the Print Issue Solution Filter. Again

4-4-2014

I've been working a this idea of a web app that filters small articles with RepRap know-how for a few weeks now. The idea is to let people find specialized information fast, without typing.

Print Issue Solution Filter
A screenshot from the Print Issue Solution Filter frontpage. Check the boxes with things you think are relevant to your problem and hit filter.

Take a look at this youtube clip. to see it in action. It also have got a github repo. Hope you like it. I'll write more about it later.

- tobben




Small soldering with cheap equipment

29-3-2014

I recently had the choice between doing a kamikaze soldering or buying another new Melzi board, after one of the small people in the family happened to rip the USB connector loose. Of course I chose the kamikaze soldering. I thought it should be possible because the data transferring connectors had all broke in the soldered points, so only solder was left on the PCB and all the data transferring legs were intact. I only had to apply heat and pressure. The preparation was in three steps:

I heated all the connectors simultaneously with the flat tip, for maybe one half second, and it was done. Three of the four non-transferring legs (the corners) had taken all the solder with them when they broke, so I used two component epoxy glue to attach them firmly to the PCB. The result looked like this

usb front Melzi
A view of the repaired USB port of my Melzi board from the front.
usb top Melzi
A view of the repaired USB port of my Melzi board from the top.

To save myself from having to do this too often, I now always zip tie my USB cables:

zip tied usb Melzi
My USB cable zip tied to my Mendel.

When building this same Mendel this summer, I had an even worse soldering problem. Merlin mystically reported the z-home switch to always be open. Investigations with a multimeter and with the help of the datasheet showed that the problem was a bad solder on one of the processors legs! Luckily, this was one of the corner legs, so it was one of the most accessible ones. My friend sluggo taught me to file the soldering iron to a sharp point, like this

zip tied usb Melzi
Soldering iron with sharp tip.

To avoid having to bend the processor leg, I wetted the tip with a minimal amount of solder that I scraped onto the processor leg, not waiting for the solder on the PCB to actually melt. This was the result

Soldered ATmega1284P
An attempt to photo the soldered leg of the ATmega1284P. Looking closely at the large version (click the picture), you can see that the reflections from the solder on the bottom leftmost leg is a little distorted.

It worked perfectly ever after. In general my open hardware stuff break more often than my other electronic hardware, but when it does it's more often possible to repair because datasheets, code, explanations etcetera are available. Occasionally I even learn something, and that has value too =)

- tobben




Making a Ring with a Rope

20-3-2014

My girlfriend and I are getting married this summer, and we thought it would be nice to have the ring custom made, so I made a little sketch of our idea in OpenSCAD. The sea is important to us, so we wanted to symbolize that with a rope that runs in a track in the middle of an otherwise plain wedding ring.

The plain ring with the track was really easy to get into OpenSCAD, because of the rotate_extrude function.

2d drwawing
The 2d outline of the plain ring with a track, that got rotated into a ring by rotate_extrude. Thanks to jokern for suggestions on how to model this.

Cadding the rope was a bit trickier, because rotate_extrude doesn't take any twist-parameter or anything like that. This turned out to be a frustrating limitation, so I decided to try out OpenJSCAD instead. To my delight, I found that it had a method called solidFromSlices that seemed to suit my needs.

Rope ring CAD
A rope-ring cadded with OpenJSCAD and the method solidFromSlices.

Unfortunately, solidFromSlices doesn't automatically detect that it has created a loop (OpenJSCAD maybe has other functions for that, I didn't get the complete overview), so the generated stl gets its "start-wall" (start of the rotation) and "end wall" intersecting inside.

Rope ring CAD
Detecting self intersections with Netfabb Basic.

These self-intersecting surfaces made OpenSCAD refuse to import the rope-ring from OpenJSCAD. Oh no! :-O Fortunately, the intersecting surfaces had one special attribute that made them easily removable: They were all lying flat in the xy-plane. I made an ASCII-version of the stl, opened it with Gvim, and found several surfaces with normals exactly along the z-axis

Facets of stl to remove
Looking inside the stl of the rope ring, I found several facets with normal along the z-axis. Some of them had a facet normal 0 0 1 and some of them deviated from that with a number of order -16. The last line in the picture shows how to search for these facets with Gvim.

With all the intersecting facets removed, importing worked like a charm again.

Ring with rope
A render of the first ring that got printed. Lot of details will probably be changed before the wedding though.
Ring with rope
The first printed version of the ring, scaled up 300%, during print.

The files I used for this project (included the OpenJSCAD code) can he found here. Hope you guys enjoyed.

- tobben




Making PLA prints stick reliably

14-3-2014

I recently tried out a trick I learned from NumberSix's 3D printing blog and Richrap's blog about applying a layer of diluted PVA a based glue to the kapton tape heat bed, to make PLA stick better. One part glue and nine parts water was the first I tried, and it did the trick perfectly for me. After having had problems with getting my glossy orange PLA to stick at all, big prints like this is now reliable like a walk in the forest

Large print surface
Big first layer of PLA on an PVA-prepped heat bed. Notice how the kapton tape is slightly matte/white because of the thin glue layer. The underside of the print gets a similar matte surface.

As well as keeping large prints from not warping, it lets even the tiniest dots in a first layer stay in place. I tried two different glues that both worked fine. Here is one of them:

PVC based glue
A bottle of one of the PVC glues I tried to prepp my print surface.

This method may make your prints stick too hard to your printbed. Start with small amounts. Also, first layer adhesion depends on a lot of things, and is being eagerly discussed on the reprap forums, so not everything will work for everyone, but this is my go to solution for now =)

- tobben




A Very Short Introduction to Basic RepRap Workflow

6-3-2014

This is for you who somehow have gotten you a ready-to-use RepRap, but don't have any previous experience with either RepRap, 3d-printing or CAD software. We're going to print a calibration cube, and I'm just going to assume that everything goes smooth. Billions of things that can go wrong, but I will avoid mentioning too much about them. The programs chosen are just the ones I use. They're not good, nor bad. They just are what they are.

Start with downloading and installing OpenSCAD. When installed and executed, it should present to you a window like this:

OpenSCAD start screen
A screenshot from OpenSCAD taken directly after it was started.

We want our calibration cube to be 20 mm wide, 20 mm deep and 10 mm high, so we enter cube([20,20,10]); into the text editor in OpenSCAD, and compile and render it. The "Compile and Render" is done either by pressing F6, or by finding Design > Compile and Render (CGAL) in the menus. Your OpenSCAD should now look like this:

OpenSCAD start screen
A screenshot from OpenSCAD with a compiled and rendered calibration cube.

We now want to export our model to a format that the next program in our tool chain can use. We choose the most widely used format, which is called .stl. You export it from OpenSCAD by finding Design > Export as STL... in the menus:

OpenSCAD start screen
The menu in OpenSCAD that lets you export to the stl-format.

The modelling is now finished, and we start to prepare the model for the printer. Download and install Slic3r. When installed and executed, it should present to you a window like this:

Slic3r start screen
A screenshot from Slic3r taken directly after it was started.

To import the calibration cube, press Add... button. When the cube is imported, it looks like this:

Slic3r imported stl
A screenshot from Slic3r taken after a cube was imported.

Slic3r is a program with many options. We're just going to look at ca five of them. First, we want to assure that the cube is printed as a solid cube. Click the tab called Print Settings and in the menu on the left click Infill. We want to set the Fill density to 1:

Slic3r infill options
The first option we want to change in Slic3r is the fill density. To prepare printing a solid figure, set it to 1.

Click "Save" (the little blue icon) and note the name of your Printer Settings config (To the left of the blue icon). The next option we're going to change is in the Filament Settings tab. The default value for Diameter is 3. Measure the diameter of your filament with a caliper, and put the measured value into the Diameter field.

Slic3r filament
Telling Slic3r that the filament I'm going to print with has a 1.75 mm diameter.

Again, click "Save" and note the name of your Filament Settings config. Note that the default extruder temperature of 200 degrees Celsius works well if your filament is made out of PLA. If you're not sure what kind of filament you have, check it up first.

Also, if you don't have a heatbed, put the bed temperature of 0 degrees Celsius, like shown in the figure. If you have a heatbed, and will be printing with PLA, anywhere between 40 and 60 degrees Celsius is a good starting point for experimentation.

Next, we're going to look at Printer Settings. Measure the bed size of your printer. Feed the measured values it into the Bed Size fields, and put the values divided by 2 into the Print Center fields.

The last value to check/update is in Printer Settings, Extruder 1, Nozzle Diameter. If you don't know your nozzle diameter, check it up and feed in the correct value.

Slic3r Printer Settings
Telling Slic3r that my RepRap's nozzle has a 0.5 mm diameter.

Save your printer settings and return to the Plater tab. Assure that the names of the Print Settings config, Filament config and Printer Config are the same ones as the ones you saved to earlier. Next, press the Export G-code... button and save the .gcode file somewhere you will find it later on. You have now created the actual data that will be sent to your RepRap! The next step is learning how to send it.

Download and install Printrun/Pronterface. If you're on Windows, maybe this link can be of help. When installed and executed, it should present to you a window similar to this:

Pronterface
The interface given to you by the Pronterface program.

Click the connect button. Hopefully the printer will respond with "Printer is now online." or something similar. On Windows machines, it will probably not. At least on W7 and older, you will need to install drivers to communicate with the printer.

When the printer is connected, we want to load our gcode. Press Load file and select your file. Pronterface should now look something like this:

Pronterface
Pronterface with calibration cube loaded.

If you've come all the way here, you're now ready to press print. Your printer should respond by starting to heat up its hot end and start to print the first layer within a few minutes. The print will probably have an awful lot of problems, depending on how "ready-to-use" your printer really was.

I would estimate a less than 1 % chance that the info in this post makes a total newbie able to print him/her-self a cube. You will probably need some more specialized info to get all the details right, but I hope this post has enabled you to ask the right questions and/or trump your way through some of the loops without noticing the potential pitfalls.

PS! The manual for OpenSCAD is found here.

- tobben




Printing litophanes

28-2-2014

I read Peter Blacker's excellent blog post about making lithophanes with RepRap recently, and was inspired to print a couple for my parents. I first found a nice picture of my Mom, and scaled it down to 300x200 pixels to make it easier to handle. I then used processing, the Model builder library created by Marius Watz and a sketch created by Amanda Ghassaei. Her instructable contains details about installing the library and using the script.

I put the file Mom.JPG in the same folder as the sketch and opened the sketch in Processing. I followed Peter Blacker's advice and set zDim to 2, so I got 20 steps from white to black when printing at 0.1 mm layer height.

Screenshot of Processing
The settings I fiddled with in Amanda Ghassaei's sketch. widthDim is interpreted as millimeters by Slic3r (he stl format don't carry information about units).

I also gave the tip about cropping pictures and putting thickness to 0 a go. The result was, as expected a very slim background, showing up as "snow" in Meshlab, like on an old TV without a signal

Screenshot of Processing
An stl of my parents with a very thin background.

The results looked like this

Reprapped litophanes
Two pink litophanes of my parents. If you click it and look closely you see that dad's shirt was so light it resulted in a hole near his tie. The "noise" around Mum on the left picture is supposed to depict real snow.

Notice that the left litophane looks slightly more detailed than the right one? The right one was actually made with more pixels per mm (500 pixels wide), and had the same number of layers from white to black (20 x 0.1 mm). I think the reason for the difference in detail if that when I sliced the right one I was using "wipe on retraction", whereas when slicing the left one, I did not. Z-lift was used on both.

Before slicing litophanes of pictures with some more important parts (like human faces), it can increase slicing speed to use the reduce faces tip on the unimportant parts. Mark the unimportant vertices before making the reduction.

Screenshot from Meshlab
A simplified stl of a face. Notice how the "ropes" hanging down on the right has much less detail than the face.

This one came out pretty nice, but shows signs of drooling

Reprapped litophane
Litophane from selectively simplified stl. Some signs of drooling near right corner of mouth, on left cheek and on right side of forehead.

Too bad that this process was so technically demanding. It would like to teach my parents how to do it on their Reprap. Anyone has ideas about making it more seamlessly? Installing Processing and having to install libraries is a bit over their heads I think, but getting out too complicated stls causing Slic3r to hang is probably what will make them give up.

- tobben




Printing a complicated figure with PLA

21-2-2014

My brother and his indie game company recently released the awesomely awesome game Teslagrad. To celebrate, I wanted to print him a monster from the game. An artist at the company, Aslak, sent me this impressive monster, called a Grue, in a CAD model:

Screenshot of grue in Meshlab
The stl-model of the Grue in Meshlab. It has 1871776 faces and 935678 vertices!

Even though I had a pretty snappy computer to work with, and the latest (1.0.0RC2) version of Slic3r, slicing hung time and time again. To make the slice possible at all, I did four things:

Thanks to the Slic3r blog for the first three these tips! Reducing the number of faces was mainly a matter of finding the option Filters > Remeshing, simplification and construction > Quadratic Edge Collapse Detection in Meshlab. More details about this is available here, but I found the number of faces to be the only important option. I simplified down to 300k faces without any noticeable artifacts, except when zooming in really close:

Screenshot with 300k faces
A zoomed in picture of the Grue's head, after the number of total faces has been reduced to 300000. The resolution is still higher than that of my 3d printers.

To clean it up, I ran it through a Netfabb repair (locally of course, don't want to give away Aslak's work to the cloud service). The resolution option was set to the length travelled my one microstep on my x- and y-motors on my printer, and number of threads was set to 1, as mentioned earlier. The figure still wasn't sliceable on my machine though.

The big breakthrough, and also the big mistake I did then was to change the support material pattern. Slicing went smooth as a baby's bottom, and I started to print, but I had forgot to change the pattern spacing! It was left at the default 2.5 mm spacing, which is ok for a honeycomb pattern, but far too little for a rectilinear grid. The result was a nearly impermeable clump of PLA. After about three hours of fighting away support material, this is was what came out:

Screenshot with 300k faces
The Grue, printed in white PLA and way too much support structures.

The conclusions after making this print were

- tobben




Introducing the Print Issue Solution Filter web app

15-2-2014

I got an idea the other day, when I was reading a forum thread. The RepRap community definitely needs a more effective way to troubleshoot, than asking random strangers on forums. There should exist a quick troubleshooting tool for common RepRap problems on the internet. After a short discussion with sluggo, we agreed that web apps that apply filtering of a database, with live updating, is a very effective user interface. In particular, we love the interface of shopping sites like price spy

Screenshot from price spy
A screenshot from a shopping sites interface (in Swedish...), letting the user control a filter on a database of articles.
Screenshot from price spy
The list of articles, as they are presented to the user. This list is updated every time the user changes the filtering criteria.

What I mean should be sorted and filtered is a list of mini-articles, like the green rectangles on this wiki page. The wiki-page contains great information that the community should strive to make even more accessible.

Screenshot from print troubleshooting pictorial guide
A wiki-page with a list of mini articles on specific print issues and their solutions. Very visual, very informative.

I asked in the forum thread if someone knew how to implement a minimalist version of such a web app, but didn't get any response, so I decided I had to set out to learn it myself. I really love working with the three structure of Lips-code, so I decided to take Adam Tornhill's great book Lisp for the Web as a starting point. This is where I am today, will be working further tomorrow:

Screenshot from print issue solution filter front page
The current state of the Print Issue Solution Filter front page, (15-02-2013).
Screenshot from print issue solution filter mini article
The current state of the Print Issue Solution Filter mini article layout, (15-02-2013).
Screenshot from print issue solution filter mini article creation
Users should be able to create mini articles, and vote up the good ones. This screenshot shows the interface to create a mini article. (15-02-2013).

The code is currently 500 lines of messy lisp, but I plan putting it in a shareable state as soon as possible.

- tobben




Making custom architrave profiles

7-2-2014

My Mum got a stereo with a docking station that didn't fit her tablet for Christmas. She still wanted somewhere to put the tablet close to the stereo, so my brother and I made this profile

Custom architrave profile
A custom made architrave profile. A little too wide in the bottom, but it sits securely.

It was made by first taking a photo from the side of the ipod dock, and loading it into Inkscape. Using the "draw straight lines"-tool (Shift+F6), a profile similar to this (I didn't save the original) was drawn:

Drawing profile
Drawing the profile in Inkscape.

The background picture was deleted after this, and a OpenSCAD dxf (thanks again to the plugin) was exported. The dxf was then linear_extruded, and four cubes and one cylinder was cut out of it to produce the following shape

Model of architrave
The model of the architrave, made and rendered in OpenSCAD.

The source code can be found here.

- tobben




CAD'ing support structures when PLA printing

5-2-2014

I recently had to print out some small overhangs with PLA. After a previous PLA support material experiment, I decided to try to model the support structures myself (I was inspired by one of nophead wonderful blog Peel-able support?. In OpenSCAD, it looked like this:

Supported model in OpenSCAD
A version of y_end_back.stl from Smartfriendz' excellent Smartrap repo with my added supporting blocks in red and green.

I found that ca 0.15 mm vertical gap gave the best results with my current plastic and slic3r settings. This will of course vary wildly depending on plastic type, geometry, layer height, extrusion width and so on. I found the results satisfying:

CAD-supported model scars
Scars after removing CAD'ed support material.
CAD-supported model scars
Scars after removing CAD'ed support material.

I will definitely CAD my own support material again, when only PLA is available as print material.

- tobben




Minor Reprappro Mendel tweaks

4-2-2014

I was recently preparing some large prints with my parent's Reprappro Mendel, and decided to do a bunch of minor tweaks. First, I went to Reprappro's own documentation to search for inspiration, and they had prepared this =D. I decided to to both the "Fan mount":

Fan mounted on Reprappro Mendel
A 40 mm fan mounted on a Reprappro Mendel.

and the "Alternative positions for extruders":

Alternative extruder pos Reprappro Mendel
The alternative extruder position of choice on my parent's Reprappro Mendel. This gave ca 2 cm extra print height and was done in 15 minutes. No software settings needed to be changed, no wires needed to be disconnected. Using only two mounting points is definitely rigid enough.

I haven't found any elegant way to tension the y-belt on this design easily. At least I found a way that doesn't consume a lot of time or concentration, the belt tensioner by Reuben on Thingiverse. This is how it looked

Belt tensioners
Not elegant, but pragmatic belt tensioners in action.

- tobben




Sourcing a Reprappro Mendel in Larvik. The rest

3-2-2014

To actually make the finishing touch to make the Mendel operative was much more difficult than expected. Troubles with electronics took most of the extra time. The Melzi I had found cheap on ebay had the wrong sort of connectors (not screw connectors), and an Atmega 644p instead of an Atmega 1284p. The standard Melzi stepper drivers, A4988, also requires active cooling for currents greater than 1 A.

For reasons I still don't understand, we could only control the motors to turn if we sat velocities really low. Maybe Marlin and Pronterface disagreed on whether to use absolute or relative coordinates, causing the movements sent from pronterface to be interpreted as impossibly fast (due to voltage rise times etc) by Marlin? In the end, one of the A4988's and the heat bed transistor burned because of too high motor current a frayed untinned HB connection respectively). I decided to buy a completely new Melzi from a new source (reprap.me), to tin all connectors and to only use motor currents less than 1 A.

Cheap Melzi
The cheap Melzi, before it burned.

The new Melzi board had two problems though:

The z-homing problem looked like this (youtube video). Issuing M119 (Get Endstop Status) showed that Marlin thought the z-switch was always open. It was solved with a kamikaze soldering directly on the Atmega's one leg. It is described in an earlier post and in this forum thread. The extruder motor was luckily a problem i software. The solution is described in this forum thread.

These troubles ceirtanly slowed the project down, and only one day was left of my summer holydays to teach my parents how to use the machine. The first print was a handle to a dipstick. It printed nicely like this (youtube video). And we soon went on to print a Julia vase (desperate attempt to convince Mum this machine is of any value:

Reprapped Julia vase
The self sourced Mendels' second print.

After a couple of weeks into the semester, Dad mentioned on the phone wanted to try it out to print a smartphone case. I went on Thingiverse and found the Monogrammed iPhone case made by TheNewHobbyist. I modified it, sliced it, emailed the gcode and got this picture from Dad a couple of days later:

Reprapped smartphone case
The first print my Dad did with his Reprappro Mendel. I'm as proud as he is.

Success! I'm very excited to see how my parents relationship to the Reprap develops. Thanks for listening.

- tobben




Sourcing a Reprappro Mendel in Larvik. Weekend 1 and 2

2-2-2014

At this point, my summer job in Oslo had started, so I could only work during weekends. Pace naturally slowed down. This gave the postal service time to catch up. I received endstop switches, glass bed, 623-bearings, hot-end, XLR-plug, stepper motors, the Melzi board and filament. Unfortunately, the filament I received had the wrong diameter, so the order must be placed again... Ordering is hard and depends on a lot of unknown factors.

Coffee table used as workbench
Coffee table used as workbench with hot end, filament, Melzi board and various other things.

Since I used a M6 rod for the z-axis, and the motor shaft had 5 mm shafts, I couldn't use a uniform tube as linkage. The solution I found was to drill out a couple of glue gun patrons. I described them in an earlier post.

- tobben




Sourcing a Reprappro Mendel in Larvik. Day 6 and 7

1-2-2014

Not much could be done day 6. Managed to make an insulating sheet with a handsaw and a drill from the dxf on Reprappro's Mendel repo on Github:

Inslulating sheet for Reprappro Mendel
Almost finished insulating sheet.

At day 7 dad came home from work with an old aluminum traffic sign! I cut it out to a heat spreader (except the corner holes).

A used old traffic sign
A used old traffic sign, exactly the right thickness and flatness to serve as a heat spreader.

Drawing the outline from the dxf supplied by Reprappro and cutting it with a grinder was fairly straight forward.

Heat spreader for Reprappro Mendel
The back side of the almost finished heat spreader cut out of a traffic sign.

I was lucky to do this project in a house with lots of hardware stuff lying around. For example, I could stretch out a old unused springs I found, and use them to hold up the insulator + heat spreader:

Stretched out spring
A spring I made use of.
y-carriage of Reprappro Mendel
Springs on the y-carriage.

- tobben




VRR firmware and a different way of communicating with 3d-printers

1-2-2014

I've started working on a, as far as I know, new type of firmware. The main idea behind it is to minimize the need of processing power on the actual printer by reducing it to a slave that only relays low-level commands from the computer. Of course it will have to take care of some timing and buffering but that's about it. Since this type of protocol is not compatible with the current G-Code based one I'm also working on a driver that will emulate some generic G-Code receiving printer to make it work as a drop-in replacement.

The upsides I see with the master-slave vs client-printer model are many, first of all unless you plan on equipping you printer with a >100$ cpu your computer will always be better at doing pretty much all the calculations needed for a print - thats why we do the slicing on it! Another key reason why I found the idea worth exploring is the much improved debugging capabilities, many G-Codes instructs the printer to perform several actions (e.g. G28 - home all) if any of these fail no further information than that the complete instruction failed is given. Now, using a printer that exports information about what pins it has and what they do and then simply receives ctrl-msgs pertaining those pins, i.e. a semi-transparent hardware abstraction protocol (kinda directly controlling the pins on the board using ctrl-msgs) or StAHP, each action can be performed with minute control giving the user the ability to pinpoint exactly when and where the printer fails. Having this type of control over the printer also means pausing, aborting, adding or subtracting parts (to/from) a running print-job will be much easier.

A basic printer-computer handshake would look something like this (M - master/computer, S - slave/printer)

format: seqno, sender: <msg>
00, S: <init printer>				// handshake init
00, M: <printer confirm>
01, S: <printer id>
01, M: <printer id confirm>
// M checks if it has Ss ctrls cached, if not:
02, S: <N controls installed>			// # controls on printer (N)
02, M: <ctrls confirmed>
03, S: <ctrl 1: type>				// type of ctrl 1 (stepper motor, fan ctrl, etc)
03, M: <ctrl 1 type confirm>
04, S: <ctrl 1: func>				// function of ctrl 1 (e.g. type = motor, func could be x/y/z-axis)
04, M: <ctrl 1 func confirm>
// further info about func exchanged
05, S: <ctrl 1: M pins>				// # pins for ctrl 1 (M)
05, M: <ctrl 1 pins confirm>
06, S: <ctrl 1, pin 0: func>			// function of pin 0 on ctrl 1
06, M: <ctrl 1, pin 0, func confirm>
07, S: <ctrl 1, pin 0: min>			// min value of pin 0
07, M: <ctrl 1, pin 0 min confirm>
08, S: <ctrl 1, pin 0: max>			// max value0
08, M: <ctrl 1, pin 0, max confirm>
... // this continues for all pins on all ctrls
R0, S: <ctrl N, pin K-1: max>			// where K is the number of pins on ctrl N
R0, M: <ctrl N, pin K-1, max confirm>
R1, S: <max bufsz: L>				// # ctrl-msgs that fit in the printers buffer
R1, M: <bufsz confirm>
R2, S: <awaiting action>
R2, M: <awaiting action confirm>
... // M can now start controlling the printer
As seen the handshake time can be reduced quite much if the master has a cache of the printers ctrls. As such a cache (config) file could be easily produced when writing/porting the firmware to different boards hopefully the start-up time of printers using this type of firmware can be reduced to almost zero.

This project is still in its infancy and the driver will probably not be ported to windows until the first stable version. I'm using a left over Melzi Ardentissimo v.1 board from geeetech.com to develop it so that type of board will probably be the first one to have a usable beta.

// sluggo




Making simple twisted vases

31-1-2014

I recently printed some twisted vases. They were drawn by using an svg flower icon, LibreCAD, Inkscape (with polymaker's plugin) and LibreCAD.

I first opened the svg in Inkscape and saved it as "OpenSCAD DXF Output" (thanks to the plugin). I then removed unwanted edges, scaled it and centered it in LibreCAD.

Screenshot from LibreCAD
Screenshot from LibreCAD, only outline of the original svg remaining.

In OpenSCAD, the line of code to extrude the vase was

linear_extrude(height = 123,
          convexity = 6,
          twist=130,
          slices=30)
      import("blomst3.dxf",layer="Layer_1");
  

giving the following model

Screenshot from OpenSCAD
Screenshot from OpenSCAD, ready to export the stl-file.

I then exported as stl and imported it into Slic3r. To slice it a spiral vase, you need to tick a box and choose number of bottom layers. The only other relevant setting is extrusion width.

Screenshot from Slic3r
Screenshot from Slic3r, with relevant settings highlighted.

I used an extrusion width of 0.83 mm for this large vase, to make it sturdy. Use lots of plastic (a fairly large extrusion multiplier or a similar setting) if you want the bottom to be water tight. Here is the result

The finished vase
The finished vase!

The files I used are available here.

I also experimented with rendering and slicing it on my 7 year old laptop. To make the laptop handle it, I had to remove 75 % of the line segments in the dxf. I did this by opening it in Gvim, and removing every second coordinate-pair with a little macro, twice. The coordinates are preceded by a line saying AcDbPolyline. Every x-coordinate is preceded with a line saying 10, and every y-coordinate is preceded by a line saying 20. To be able to do the CGAL compile and render in OpenSCAD, I also reduced the number of linear-extrude-slices. I also found I had to use a SD-card directly in the Melzi to get fast enough data transmission of the gcode. The result is the leftmost and biggest (I also scaled it up a bit) vase on this picture

The little vase family
A little vase family.

When printing the rightmost one, my glue gun patron z-coupling solution failed.

Gluegun z-coupling
An improvised z-coupling made out of a drilled out glue gun patron. It has the advantage that one can drill out the desired diameter in either end, so threaded z-rods thicker or thinner than the shaft can be used.

It turned out that the friction between the tube and the motor shaft was too low. The fix was just to change the upper zip tie with a hose clamp.

The leftmost vase on the picture above has a little excessive edge on the bottom. This is due to a failed attempt to make it water tight, by welding a new bottom layer to it. To make this weld successful, I think you need to press it against surface hotter than the one I used, for a very short time (~ 1 sec). Aluminum foil in a hot frying pan might do the trick, I will try that next time. Here's how it looks from below

Welded bottom
A failed attempt to make a vase water tight by welding a new first layer onto it. Was pressed against a hot glass fireplace door covered with aluminum foil for about 10 seconds

- tobben




Sourcing a Reprappro Mendel in Larvik. Day 5

31-1-2014

For the z-axis, I had chosen M6 instead of M5, because I had a pair of M6 lying around. Making them, and their nuts fit into the printed x-motor-bracket and x-idler-bracket was a PITA, involving lots of difficult sanding. Even getting the M3 nuts down into the nut traps was really difficult and time consuming because of the small holes and overall low quality of my printed parts.

x-idler-bracket for Reprappro Mendel
How my x-idler-bracket looked when I finally had the M3 nuts fit tightly in the nut traps. Just calibrating sigrid properly before printing them would have saved so much time.

Eventually, I had x-brackets with nuts fit super-tight which is nice.

x-brackets for Reprappro Mendel
My finished x-idlerbrackets with M6 threaded rods instead of M5 ones.

Finally, I got 623 bearings (1.7 NOK each!) from Ebay, and Igus clip bearings and a hobbed bolt for the Mini extruder from eMakershop. I'm quite surprised that Igus clip bearings are used. They are pretty hard to find, even on the internet, and they seem easy to replace with a home made alternative. I would definitely replace them with printed nylon bushings in my own design.

- tobben




Sourcing a Reprappro Mendel in Larvik. Day 4

30-1-2014

Today was a better shopping day. A local hardware store cut me the smooth rods I needed for 25 NOK. "And that gives us huge margins", was the owners comment on the price, so I guess smooth rods are really cheap when you buy in large quantities. If I had a garage, I would try to do that.

Stenslands workshop in Larvik, Norway
Thanks to Stensland's Workshop for supplying and cutting smooth rods!

Since Larvik couldn't deliver all the small stuff I needed, I turned to good old Ebay for belts, linear bearings, M2.5 screws, XLR-contacts and stepper motors:

Stepper motors on ebay
The stepper motors I bought on Ebay. They had the model name 17HS8401 and a holding torque of 52 Ncm at a current of 1.8A. They were chosen because the reprap.org wiki recommended at least 40 Ncm holding torque.

Sluggo helped by making a little wiki to store all the important specs (in Swedish).

- tobben




Sourcing a Reprappro Mendel in Larvik. Day 2 and 3

29-1-2014

Bought a bunch of screws and searched the whole town for seven 623-bearings. I only found three of them, and they were excessively expensive (nearly 100 NOK each!). Screws of size M2.5 weren't available either. Nobody in the hardware and electronics shops knew what an XLR-socket was, so I ended up buying on of a wrong type. Linear bearings of the type LM8UU were also impossible to find. One shop could order really expensive ones if I gave them the exact measures, but I declined. Couldn't find smooth 8 mm rods either. Conclusion: The parts needed to build a Reprappro Mendel are not readily available nor cheap in the city of Larvik.

End triangles for Reprappro Mendel
The first hardware actually mounted together, the end triangles of the frame.

Four of the printed parts split in half because of a weak layer (had some problems with the extruder when I was printing them). They were easily glued together with two-component epoxy though. Enough hardship for today. One thing actually went really well. I managed to involve Dad when mounting together the skeleton:

Frame for Reprappro Mendel
The skeleton of what is going to be a Reprappro Mendel.

I think involving him in the build greatly increases the chances of him wanting to test it when it's operational.

I also had a failed attempt to buy a Prusa Nozzle, which I would really like to try out. They were sold out. It's nice to see business going well for Reprap open hardware producers. There's lots of interesting hot ends out there, but to save time and effort I decided to go for a standard Reprappro hot end kit from Emakershop this time.

- tobben




Sourcing a Reprappro Mendel in Larvik. Day 1

28-1-2014

Last summer holidays, I decided I wanted to build a Reprap to my parents to see how useful it could be to them as non-computer-wizards with little experience of the idea of 3d-printing. To make it a little more interesting, I decided to use printed parts from my Printrbot+, sigrid, and to buy the vitamins one at a time, preferably in Larvik. It would be a nice test of how available these Reprap parts really are (or of how good Larvik is as a hardware shopping city...). For BOM and all other information, I used the build-instructions from reprappro.com. I got to work immediately and ordered a heatbed:

Ordering heatbed on ebay
Ordering a very cheap heatbed on ebay.

I also ordered a borosilicate (heat resistant glass) plate:

Ordering borosilicate plate
Ordering a borosilicate plate from 3d-printer.no.

All the M8 threaded rods + nuts were bought in the local hardware store Biltema for 913 NOK. We could have saved 360 NOK by choosing galvanized steel instead of stainless, but dad thinks stainless looks better. Cutting the right lengths were done with dads grinder.

Grinding threaded rods
Cutting threaded M8 rods with a grinder. The rods are clamped with wood-blocks not to damage the threads.

- tobben




Hello, World!

27-1-2014

Welcome, RepRappers! I've spent a lot of time RepRapping over the past year, so I thought it was time to make a blog about it. I'm planning to post at least once a week for at least 10 weeks forward. The posts will mostly be condensed everyday tinkering, but I have a hope that over time, I can use my knowledge from engineering physics studies to make some actually useful contributions to the RepRap community.

Added 1-2-2014:
Great news! My friend sluggo will also be posting here from time to time. I would say it radically improves the chances of posts with actually useful contributions to the community appearing on this blog. Welcome, sluggo!

Enjoy!

- tobben












Links

Hangprinter Campaign: Bountysource Salt

Hangprinter Merchandise USA: Spreadshirt.com

Hangprinter Merchandise Sweden: Spreadshirt.se

Hangprinter Project: [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64]

Hangprinter Project Homepage: hangprinter.org

Print Issue Solution Filter Project: [1], [2], [3], [4]

Sourcing RepRappro Mendel in Larvik: [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]

Archive: 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020

Github Profile: link

Gitlab Profile: link

Hangprinter project on Gitlab: link

Vimeo User: link

Youtube User: link

Twitter User: link

Master's Thesis: link

Linkedin Profile: link

Appropedia User: link

RepRap Forums User: link

Forums threads: Hangprinter version 1, Hangprinter version 2, Hangprinter version 3, List of Hangprinter threads

Source for this blog: Gitlab repo

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